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Native peoples have lived in the Boulder Valley for more than 13,000 years, moving between mountains and plains and wintering along the Front Range. By the 1500s the Ute were the main occupants, and the Arapaho came in the early 1800s. Boulder was founded in late 1858, during the Colorado Gold Rush, when prospectors led by Thomas Aikins reached Boulder Canyon and camped in an area associated with the Arapaho leader Niwot. Gold was found on Boulder Creek in early 1859, the Boulder City Town Company was formed that February, and the post office opened on April 22, 1859. Some early settlers later took part in the Sand Creek massacre of 1864, in which Niwot was killed.

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On November 28, 1859, the unofficial Jefferson Territory created Jackson County with Boulder City as its seat. By 1860 Boulder City had 70 cabins, mostly of Anglo families, while Chinese miners and Black residents lived there too but were pushed to the margins and left largely out of photographs and records. Colorado Territory was organized on February 28, 1861, and Boulder County was created on November 1, 1861, with Boulder City as its seat. Under the Treaty of Fort Wise the Arapaho were forced to leave, and Niwot's dwindling band moved to the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation. By 1862 Boulder Creek had yielded $100,000 in gold. Sources Wikipedia: Boulder, Colorado